Childhood Stuttering A Narrative Review - 1553 Words

Childhood Stuttering: A Narrative Review Yaruss (2004) introduces childhood stuttering as a communication disorder characterized by atypical disfluencies that interrupt the smooth flow of speech. Some disfluencies, such as phrase repetitions, revisions, interjections, and pauses, are common in the speech of typically developing children; however, atypical disfluencies such as prolongations, blocks, and part or whole-word repetitions may be indicative of developmental, or childhood, stuttering (Yaruss, 2004). Byrd and Gillam (2016) describe secondary stuttering behaviors, such as eye blinking, lip pursing, or arm flapping, that are adaptive compensations a child who stutters (CWS) may develop as a way to escape or avoid stuttering.†¦show more content†¦47). In summary, stuttering can result when external pressures exceed the child’s internal fluency capabilities. Genetics may also play a role in the etiology of childhood stuttering. Dworzynski, Remington, Rijsdijk, Howell, and Plomin (2007) analyzed parental reports of stuttering at ages 2, 3, 4, and 7 years from the Twins Early Development Study. The twins with measures of stuttering were classified into groups of recovered or persistent, and the authors used this data to evaluate the influence of environment and to estimate the heritability of recovery or persistence. Their study is the first to provide evidence that stuttering may be heritable as early as age 3. The authors conclude that stuttering and early recovery from stuttering appear to have high indicators of heritability with little evidence of shared environment effect in early childhood. Speech and Language Characteristics Yaruss (2004) explains that the speech characteristics of stuttering include disfluencies such as whole-word repetitions (â€Å"I-I-I like that†), part-word repetitions (â€Å"wa-wa-want this†), sound prolongations (â€Å"lllllistening†), and blocks (â€Å"l—ike this†). 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Acquiring a Firm Resolve Dignifying Maturity in the Short Story Free Essays

There are moments in our lives when we radically change. Something happens to us that transforms us into a new person. It may come as we read an engaging text, as we undergo an enlightening experience, or as we witness an interesting event. We will write a custom essay sample on Acquiring a Firm Resolve: Dignifying Maturity in the Short Story or any similar topic only for you Order Now The catalyst for this radical change may vary, but its impact will always be the same: we can never go back to our old self, because the change, once done, marks our individual history. This is what happens to Sammy, the main character of the short story, â€Å"AP† written by John Updike. Sammy undergoes a personal change, a change that makes him take a stand and evolve from an immature teenager to a young man strongly resolved to stand firm in his beliefs. In the first part of the story, we see Sammy’s immaturity as he ogles at the three scantily clad girls. He observes them like any normal teenage boy; he sees the girls as objects of interest because of the way they are dressed.   He is delighted by their presence because of his attraction to them, especially to the dominant girl in the group whom he calls Quennie, who is â€Å"more than pretty† (page number). Sammy even goofs around with his co-worker Stokesie, reveling in the presence of the girls who are so misplaced, wearing bathing suits at a grocery store: You know, it’s one thing to have a girl in a bathing suit down on the beach, where what with the glare nobody can look at each other much anyway, and another thing in the cool of the A P, under the fluorescent lights, against all those stacked packages, with her feet paddling along naked over our checkerboard green-and-cream rubber-tile floor. How to cite Acquiring a Firm Resolve: Dignifying Maturity in the Short Story, Papers

Analysis of Blurred Lines by Robin Thicke Essay Example For Students

Analysis of Blurred Lines by Robin Thicke Essay In the summer of 2013, the hit that took the nation by storm, Blurred Lines, by Robin Thicke, could be heard on what seemed to be almost every radio station in America. Its indeterminate lyrics and catchy tune made it easy to tap your toe and maybe even join in a couple hey hey heys ? with Pharrell Williams. The video is near 3. 5 million hits on Youtube. It was the number one song for sixteen weeks in a row, (a new record for Billboard. ) And it had over five million downloads (legally) in its first thirty weeks. It was obviously a favorite a song to define a summer. Yet this presented a problem much larger than the song itself; although its popularity was through the roof, the lyrics are among some of the more common phrases that are said to rape victims (Info from Project Unbreakable). These seemingly harmless words are a perpetuation of the Rape Culture that is becoming more and more prevalent today; and the acceptance of this song, and others like it, just goes to show how oblivious most people are to the vulgarity of what we listen to. The song Blurred Lines (by Robin Thicke, featuring Pharrell Williams and T. I. ) debuted in March of 2013, and hit its peak later that summer. Since that time it has become one of the most controversial songs of the decade. While it was nominated for three Grammy Awards that year, Robin Thicke also took home the title of Sexist of the Year from the End Violence Against Women Coalition. Thickes MTV Video Music Awards performance of the song with Miley Cyrus was the most Tweeted about event in history, pulling in a record 360,000 tweets per minute. Its raunchy and inappropriate nature was a shock to many who saw the performance, and for those who missed it there were videos and pictures readily available on the internet within a couple hours. Overall there was a very mixed reception to the song, but by taking a closer look at the lyrics themselves we are able to see that those people who were upset with the artists had a right to feel that way. Blurred Lines begins with an invitation from Pharrell Williams for everybody who hears the song to join in with the artists, Everybody get up! ? This is followed by Robin Thicke addressing a young woman in what is most likely a club or party atmosphere. He claims that her last boyfriend tried to domesticate ? her, but she was too wild for him and that he (Thicke) can set her free from that constricting situation. Then comes the chorus along with the lyrics that are the most relative to Rape Culture in this song; Thicke addresses this wild ? woman as a good girl, ? followed by the eerie echo of I know you want it. He then goes on to say, I hate these blurred lines. ? What are the lines hes referencing? Within the context of the song it would seem that it is what has become the tragically gray area between consent and rape. Thicke claims that this womans actions are perpetuating his behavior because he knows what she wants, even though she has not said anything. Nothing makes this assertion clearer than the line, You wanna hug me. What rhymes with hug me? ? this is followed by laughter, and he presumably wants fuck me to be inferred by the listener. The next part of the song is a rap portion that is done by T. I. and is mostly unintelligible unless listened to closely, and even then some parts are indeterminate. He begins with asking a woman to sexually dance on him, and states that, I had a bitch but she aint as bad as you,? implying that she is the naughty one in this situation. He then tells her to hit him up if shes around and hell give her something big enough to tear (her) ass in two. .uc391c6c6fd8e6ef8bdf805af3eb12413 , .uc391c6c6fd8e6ef8bdf805af3eb12413 .postImageUrl , .uc391c6c6fd8e6ef8bdf805af3eb12413 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc391c6c6fd8e6ef8bdf805af3eb12413 , .uc391c6c6fd8e6ef8bdf805af3eb12413:hover , .uc391c6c6fd8e6ef8bdf805af3eb12413:visited , .uc391c6c6fd8e6ef8bdf805af3eb12413:active { border:0!important; } .uc391c6c6fd8e6ef8bdf805af3eb12413 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc391c6c6fd8e6ef8bdf805af3eb12413 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc391c6c6fd8e6ef8bdf805af3eb12413:active , .uc391c6c6fd8e6ef8bdf805af3eb12413:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc391c6c6fd8e6ef8bdf805af3eb12413 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc391c6c6fd8e6ef8bdf805af3eb12413 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc391c6c6fd8e6ef8bdf805af3eb12413 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc391c6c6fd8e6ef8bdf805af3eb12413 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc391c6c6fd8e6ef8bdf805af3eb12413:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc391c6c6fd8e6ef8bdf805af3eb12413 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc391c6c6fd8e6ef8bdf805af3eb12413 .uc391c6c6fd8e6ef8bdf805af3eb12413-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc391c6c6fd8e6ef8bdf805af3eb12413:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Analysis Of ' Purple Hibiscus By Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie And The Kite Runner ' EssayThis is likely a reference to anal sex, and the listener is left unsure of whether or not the woman ever consented to this act. He says that even when shes dressed casually or normally he is having sexual thoughts about her, he would never let her get away from him, and that her last guy didnt treat her like he will, (maybe because her last guy didnt smack her ass? or pull her hair?). No matter who is singing in this song they are begging for female attention and waiting for acknowledgement, or consent, to their advances, but it never comes. This song prompted many people to take action, and because of it new organizations have brought others to attention about the issues that surround rape, and what rape really is. The No Blurred Lines? campaign was set up by police in Devon and Cornwall England for new college students with the message that sex without consent is rape. They even used the popular Twitter trend of hashtags to make it more easily accessible, (#NoBlurredLines. ) Another campaign that is gaining headway is Project Unbreakable whose mission is to increase awareness of the issues surrounding sexual assault and encourage the act of healing through art. One of the more powerful articles they were involved with was a review of the song with pictures of victims holding up signs that had quotes from their attackers that all echo the lyrics to Blurred Lines. Its a very powerful piece, especially when you can see the faces of people who have been sexually assaulted, what they were told, and who their attackers were. Clearly some changes need to made in our culture if my nine-year-old sister can be heard singing songs akin to this one. She doesnt know what shes saying or promoting, but someday she may wish she had. This rape culture ? and mentality that is seen prevalently today is wrong and needs to be righted. The lyrics to the song Blurred Lines are just one example of this, but the changes need to start somewhere. Through campaigns such as No Blurred Lines and Project Unbreakable many people are becoming more aware of the issues surrounding our culture, and what can be done to change it. By establishing a clear distinction between what is consent and what is rape there will hopefully be some turnaround, but there cannot be reliance on this alone. Songs like Blurred Lines shouldnt be produced at all, let alone go number one worldwide. The music industry has greater influence than we think, and by cleaning up not only song lyrics, but their videos as well, this could help promote female empowerment rather than degradation. Dominating ideas can be perpetuated subliminally through things like music, ads, and clothing, but once popular areas like these are turned toward an awareness of what theyre promoting exactly, then maybe there wont be such acceptance of lyrics like the ones in Blurred Lines. Bibliography: http://www.theguardian.com/music/2013/nov/13/blurred-lines-most-controversial-song-decade http://www.azlyrics.com/lyrics/robinthicke/blurredlines.html http://projectunbreakable.tumblr.com

Annual Halloween Window Painting Contest †Philosophy Essay

Annual Halloween Window Painting Contest – Philosophy Essay Free Online Research Papers Annual Halloween Window Painting Contest Philosophy Essay Last year I volunteered my time to organize the annual Halloween Window Painting Contest in my town. The participants ranged in age from eight to eleven years old. My leadership included the solicitation of local vendors, the registration and supervision of the participants and the organization of the awards ceremony. Historically, the event had been run by the Jane Doe, but due to waning membership in recent years, they were not planning to continue the tradition last year. My sister and her friends, third graders last year, were especially disappointed with this prospect. For several weeks prior, they had been talking about what they were planning to paint for the upcoming contest. Seeing their disappointment, I took the initiative to contact a member of the Jane Doe to implore the continuation of the contest. When he said that none of the members were able to undertake the organization of the event, I asked if I could manage the project on their behalf. Given their lack of resources, he welcomed my offer and my enthusiasm. For several weeks prior to the contest, I devoted most of my free time to the project. And I’m happy to say that, despite my other commitments to school and extracurricular activities, the event was extraordinarily successful. Over seventy-five vendors and more than one hundred children participated in the event. The greatest reward for me was in seeing the delight on the children’s faces both during and after the painting. Even the town took on a more festive look throughout the Halloween season. From this experience, I have learned that nearly anything can be accomplished when you set your heart and mind to it. Many would simply have accepted the departure from a long-time town tradition. I’ve also learned that even the largest of projects is nothing more than a series of small and manageable tasks. The road to success is in learning to approach them one step at a time. In retrospect, I might have managed the project a little differently in light of conflicting obligations at that time. If I had it to do over, I am confident that I could have solicited assistance from friends and neighbors to manage some of the smaller tasks. In conclusion this experience has shown me how to think about and accomplish other objectives in life. Nothing in life is unattainable if you set your mind to it and commit yourself. Research Papers on Annual Halloween Window Painting Contest - Philosophy EssayThe Project Managment Office SystemMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseThe Spring and AutumnResearch Process Part OneIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesLifes What Ifs19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided Era

Apple statement Example

Apple statement Example Apple statement – Essay Example Apple ment Ratio values for the year ending are provided in the following table Operatingcurrent assets OCA 15,960.00 2 Operating current liabilities OCL 23,879.00 3 Net Operating working capital NOWC (7,919.00) 4 Operating capital OPT CAP (142.00) 5 Net investment in operating capital NET INVES IN OPT CAP (4,994.00) 6 Net operating profit after tax NOPAT 25,612.82 7 Free cash flow FCF 30,606.82 8 Return on invested capital ROIC -18037% 9 Operating cash flow OPT CF 27,426.82 10 Economic value added EVA 25,622.76 11 Market value added MVA 545,553.00 Source of Data: (â€Å"SEC Form 10-K 2011†). Based on the financial ratio analysis, it could be stated that the company faced problems with managing its operating current liabilities, which exceeded its operating current assets. It also implied that the company could have problems meeting its current obligations as its liquid assets were less. The company decreased its investment in operating capital in the year 2011. However, the company had strong profitability reflected from its NOPAT. The company also had strong free cash flows and operating cash flow that implied that the company could easily invest further in its product development and network expansion infrastructure. Since, the company’s operating capital was negative, therefore, the ROIC was negative. The company was able to increase shareholders’ wealth as indicated by MVA. Moreover, the company exhibited efficiency by generating high EVA. 2. The optimal level of current assets would be where its value is equal to current liabilities. At this level the current ratio value would be 1. This depends upon efficient management of business operations and ensuring that the business maintains optimal balance between its current assets and liabilities. 3. The optimal level of leverage measured by debt to total assets would be closer to a value of zero. It implies that the company would seek an optimal capital structure that maximizes shareholders’ value. If the company is able to minimize its dependence of external debt then the amount allocated by the company for interest and principal amount repayments would be minimized and shareholders can expect higher return on their investments. Work Cited â€Å"SEC Form 10-K 2011†. Cupertino: Apple, Inc., 2011.

Call a Patient Regarding an Overdue Account Essay

Call a Patient Regarding an Overdue Account - Essay Example The role of MA is to resolve the issue without hurting patient’s feeling. Attitude has three components. The three components are; affective, behavioral and cognitive (McLeod, 2009). Affective component deals with feeling, behavioral component deals with behavior, and cognitive component deals with belief and knowledge. The MA needs to realize that he or she will face patient’s three attitude components. At the same time, the MA has his or her own three attitude components. The role of the MA is to provide privilege to patient’s attitude components. The MA needs to remember attitude can express both positive and negative views over an event. The event in this case is past due hospital charges. The MA needs to remember that people can also be conflicted or ambivalent (McLeod, 2009) toward an object. The object in this case is the call itself. Answer 1: The MA demonstrates professionalism at stages 2b, 2e and 3. At the stage 2 b, the MA will face all three above-described attitude components. The MA in no way should mention to the patient about avoiding the payment. At the stage 2e, MA should express that hospital understands patient’s current inability in making payment, but it will help the hospital to know when the patient can make the payment. At stage 3 MA should be extremely professional in leaving the message so the patient returns the call. Answer: The MA demonstrates sensitivity to the situation at stage 2b. This is a make or break point for further discussion. Depending on the approach, the MA will face either positive or negative attitude of the patient towards the issue. Q3. If the patient gets really angry about this call, and yells and gets rude, how would you demonstrate professionalism and sensitivity? Write some things you could say in this situation that would be professional and sensitive? Answer: This is when the patient will use

Solve A Propblem Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Solve A Propblem - Research Paper Example There is a lot of hue and cry on global warming because warming brings climate changes in the form of drought or torrential rains in some part of Earth, melts glaciers, lengthens seasons, develops cyclones and large scale disruption in variety of ways. Global warming is entirely a human creation and it needs to be resolved accordingly. If Earth keeps getting warmer, it is quite likely that about 25 percent of our plants and species on Earth could go extinct by end of this century. Our ecosystem is in danger because each plant or species acts as a predator, a source of food, a source of shelter or a pollinator and loosing even one of them affects whole chain in ecosystem. Causes of Global Warming While going into the root cause or causes of global warming, the pertinent question arises how and why does global warming take place? Scientists state that it occurs because humans have begun burning fossil fuels in large quantities in last one hundred year or so and the burning goes on in i ndustries, power stations, and vehicles uninterruptedly. Burning generates carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide gases that go to atmosphere. Oceans do absorb greenhouse gases and maintain a delicate balance; however, load of emissions are now so high that nature cannot clear them on its own. Can Clean Energy Stop Global Warming? Energy is the most crucial and strategic resource necessary for economic development and more than 80 percent of the current energy needs are met with fossil fuels. The moot question is can we replace fossil fuels with some other sources of energy that are clean in nature and do not generate any harmful emissions? Certainly, there are clean sources of energy such as wind, solar, hydro, biofuel, hydrogen and many more that can be used to generate electricity to meet our requirement. Let us, time being, assume that all these technologies have reached to a level where it is feasible to replace fossil fuels completely and now there is no release of greenhouse gases any more – then, does this mean that world will become free from the global warming completely? Apparently, it may seem so but that is far from truth! It has been established that pre-industrial carbon dioxide concentration was 280 parts per million (PPM) that has gone past 380 PPM in 2010 – a rise of over 30 percent after the process of industrialization that began in 1850. Unless carbon dioxide level falls back to the pre-industrial level of 280 PPM, global warming will continue on this planet (Effects of Changing the Carbon Cycle, 2013). Why? It is worth noting that about 30 percent of the carbon dioxide that humans have emitted into the atmosphere has been taken away by the ocean. In the process of dissolving carbon dioxide in the ocean water forms carbonic acid reducing pH (the measure of acidity) of the water by 0.1 – almost 30 percent increase in acidity of the ocean water. Experts state that ‘coral reefs’ that provide habitat to fish a nd other creatures in the ocean will get vanished in increased ocean acidity (Global Climate Change, 2013). Its impact will be severely felt in coming years in terms of lost food web that joins all oceanic creatures. Moreover, warmer oceans, due to greenhouse effect, would have impact on the growth of phytoplankton and sea grasses because they grow better in cool waters. This eventually reduces the

Advisor critique including executive summary Essay

Advisor critique including executive summary - Essay Example The business idea of putting an urban salon in the Park Street is a good idea to complement the other high-end establishments in the district. Also, the surrounding business environment in the Bristol area offers a lot of opportunities to the market. Looking at the market study of The Funk, however, the company proves to lack an in-depth study of the market from which it will determine its sales forecast, and subsequent profitability and sustainability of its business operations. Due to this, the company cannot set a clear objective for the business, then create a viable marketing strategy in order to make the business profitable and sustainable. There are also some items in the profit and loss statement that warrant much scrutiny such as drawings. The purchases may also be overestimated or underestimated because it is based on a forecast that is not backed by data to justify it. Although all in all, the profitability of The Funk cannot be truly assessed due to inadequacy of information, the weaknesses in the companys business model proves to have significant impact on the companys future sustainability of operations. These weaknesses can be relative disadvantages to the company which could undermine its profitability in the future. The personal grooming industry is one of the thriving industries for the current as medias influence in culture, as it puts heavy emphasis on personal appearance. The idea behind The Funk which is a trendy salon situated in the Park Street is a good one, to complement the other high-end establishments in the district. The idea also aims to cater to the younger consumers in the Park Street. The urban theme to reinforce the desired image of the brand, as well as being consistent with the other neighboring establishments is a good business idea. Using the PEST analysis, we try to look at the environment of The Funk as we try to identify the various forces that may directly and indirectly impact it. After we have identified the

How Hearing Impairment Can Impact Psychology Essay

How Hearing Impairment Can Impact Psychology Essay For this assignment I aim to focus on the importance of lifespan development theory when appreciating the effects of hearing impairment on an individual. I aim to concentrate on the lifespan development of a child in its infancy stage (0-2 years). Human development or also known as the developmental psychology is the study of systematic emotional changes, psychological changes and social changes that occur throughout an individuals life span. The study analyses the individuals physical development, cognitive development which involves learning, interaction and problem solving and emotional and intellectual development. By evaluating human development it is effortless to understand the changing or arrangement of beliefs, worry, desires and skills that occur at different periods of the life cycle (Mussen et al., 1974). Hearing is now clearly identified as being crucial to early communication, speech and language development and active learning. Children with hearing impairment may therefore lag behind in communication skills, intellectual achievement and social performance. Therefore as a healthcare professional it is valuable to appreciate the different stages of lifespan development when trying to understand the individuals awareness and behaviour. The earlier the hearing impairment is recognized and treated the smaller the severity of the impact on the development of the child (ASHA, 2012). Case scenario In order to respect patient confidentiality I will use the name Ellie for my case scenario. Ellie is a 1 and a half year old girl who attended the appointment for a hearing test with her mum and her four siblings. Ellie is part of a big family of seven and Ellies mother is a very heavy smoker and smoked all through her pregnancy with Ellie. Her mother reports that Ellie is quite an aggressive girl and doesnt attempt to socialise with her siblings and other children her age. In addition, she reports that Ellie doesnt pay attention to her when given requests or instructions. Ellie passed her new-born hearing screening, however after great encouragement from us Audiologist VRA (visual reinforcement audiometry) and tympanometry was performed revealing that Ellie has a moderate flat conductive hearing loss. Due to concerns of Ellies lack of speech and language development and behaviour problems, valuable information about grommets or a hearing aid was supplied to the mother. However, Elli es mother was in disagreement about any of these options. Therefore Ellie was given a follow up appointment to see how she is getting on. I have chosen this case I will be able to truly see how hearing impairment affects the physical, social and cognitive development of an infant. Discussions In order to assess an infants condition immediately after birth it has now become essential to perform a quick test such as an APGAR test devised by Virginia Apgar in 1953 (MedlinePlus, 2009). This assessment is taken place instantly on the new-born to detect how well the heart is beating, their colour, respiratory rate, general response to stimulation and their muscle tone. The new-borns are then given an Apgar score which is rated out of 10, with a score above 7 meaning the new-born is in no danger, and a score of 4-6 meaning the new-born has some difficulty breathing and may have possible long term risks. However with an Apgar score of less than 3 the new-born is said to be in a critical condition and requires immediate special support or treatment (Bee and Boyd, 2007). From the gathered history taken from Ellies mother, Ellie underwent a normal birth with no significant abnormalities occurring therefore Ellie must have been given an Apgar score of above seven. According to Arnold Gesell children develop at different rates, however their patterns of development are all constant (Mussen et al.,1974). The development of an infant can be analysed in three different ways- their physical development, social and cognitive development. Physical development is at its greatest between the ages of 0-2 years and is essential for children providing them with the abilities to seek the world around them. For the first year of a childs life the main apparent physical development is the immense growth changes that occur to the body. By the age of one the body length would have increased over a third of the original length (20 inches) and the weight would have gained approximately triple the original weight (7.5pounds). These physical developmental changes proceeds from the head downwards (Cephalocaudal) to the trunk outwards (Proximodistal) (Fitxgerald et al.,1977). Therefore by having these normative values we can tell if a childs physical development is lacking. Ellie was born as a low birth weight baby possibly as a result of the mother smoking throughout the pregnancy. Low birth weight babies like Ellie generally progress slower through the developmental stages but generally catch up in the first two years (Vasta et al., 1999). However Ellie is now one and a half and has no apparent physical developmental abnormalities. The bones of an infant are much softer than adults bones as a result of higher water content. These bones then harden through the developmental stages of an individual up to adolescence in a process called ossification. A new-born babys skull has the ability to compress without damage during birth as it is separated by spaces named fontanels. By Ellies age the fontanels would have been replete with bone developing into a singular combined skull bone (Bee and Boyd, 2004). In the first few years of an infants life there is an accelerated growth in the human brain with the greatest development occurring in the midbrain. The cerebral cortex and the cerebrum enclose the midbrain and control the construction of language, consciousness, problem solving, thinking and learning. Thus an infants life commences with a set of beneficial natural responses called reflexes. A reflex is an involuntary movement in response to any stimuli. According to the psychologist Jean Piaget the beginning of an i nfants life is all to do with movement and so most of the infants actions are reflexive (Davenport, 1994). Most of these reflexes may be adaptive reflexes or also known as survival reflexes in which assists the infant to swallow, breath, grasp or suck involuntary. Whilst the primitive reflexes are not essential for their survival, it only gives a good suggestion of the status of the infants neurological system. Examples may be of the Babisnki reflex (as the sole of an infants foot is stroked the big toe enhances with the other toes spreading outwards) ; and the Moro reflex (startle reflex extending arms and legs after loud noises). With Ellies case these reflexes have disappeared which is normal for her age and demonstrates that there is no damage to her nervous system (Mussen et al., 1974). Infants are born with surprisingly good set of perceptual skills and so are fully equipped to follow objects that are 12 inches away, distinguish pitch and level of sound and recognize parents faces from others. By one month old the infants posture and large movements should be fully developed. The infants arms would be more active than the legs, the infant will turn head away as you rub its ear, their head will descent loosely unless supported however the neck muscles will start to develop at this stage (Sheridan, 1975). During the VRA testing it is apparent that Ellies small and large motor skills such as handling of small objects, hand-eye coordination, grasping, sitting upright and walking seem to be fully developed. However her language development was lacking which may be due to her hearing loss. Ellies mother raised a slight concern on Ellies ability to talk. During the appointment Ellies speech was very difficult to understand and her sentence structures were as to be expecte d from a child with a hearing loss. Infants with a hearing loss often cannot hear speech sounds and therefore misinterpret and misuse their vocabulary. Developmental problems such as speech and language may also contribute to a reduced academic achievement and social isolation from the children which can be remarkably distressing for the parents (ASHA, 2012). Erik Erikson was the first psychologist to develop the psychosocial model of personality, which is the foremost known model of development and personality. He believed that development is constant throughout ones life. Eriksons model expresses how a childs social experiences influence an individuals value of self and their personality (Mcleod, 2008). Like Erik, John Bowlby (1907-1990) was another theorist concerned with child development which created the attachment theory. Bowlby suggested that an infants personality is influenced by their childhood relationships. According to Bowlby: children come into the world biologically pre-programmed to form attachments with others, because this will help them to survive (Cited from Mcleod, 2007). Children who fail to form this real attachment by around 6 months of age tend to be less sociable, less emotionally mature and more aggressive. Therefore for a positive and healthy development of a child like Ellie it is essential for a strong attac hment between the infant and the primary caregiver (usually the mother). However Ellies positive behaviour and social skills seemed to be lacking. A child similar to Ellie with a significant hearing loss may often feel isolated as they cannot communicate therefore it is vital at this stage for the mother to understand this and meet their childs needs (Shaffer, 1993). From informally assessing Ellie behaviour and her mother it is clear that this initial bonding may be absent between the two. Vygotsky the theorist believed that a childs development associates mostly to mental development, being language, interpretation processes and thought (Cattan and Tilford, 2006). However Jean Piaget (1896-1980) concluded that a childs cognitive development is formed from a distinct series of stages. He believed that a childs cognitive development skills take place due to advancement of the brain and the childs abilities to interact with their surroundings. Piaget characterizes the development of children into four set stages with each stage symbolizing the childs appreciation of the reality and its surroundings at that stage. The first two years of an infants development is regarded to as the sensorimotor stage. During this stage the child learns and experiences the world around them through their senses and movement. The child accomplishes an activity and by repeating this activity they are able to advance on their new knowledge and awareness (Bee and Boyd, 2004). Piaget termed the cognitive structures as schemes (set of activity, anticipations and memories that allow the child to understand their surroundings). Therefore for Ellie to keep up with her cognitive development she must have good coordination between her sensory (hearing) and motor actions (movement). Ellies cognitive development might be underdeveloped as she receives less sensory information due to her hearing loss and therefore has less motor actions. The effect of a hearing loss on the cognitive development of a child like Ellie is rather intricate due to the different ways cultures, families and human kind respond to children whom attempts or fails to talk and communicate due to their hearing loss (Mayberry, 2002). There are also learning theories involved in cognitive development. Ivan Pavlov devised the classically conditioned model, which is described as a learning process that takes place when an unfamiliar stimulus is presented into the system. As the new-born is repeatedly conditioned to the same stimuli (brush cheek before feeding), this stimuli will become a conditioned stimuli in the course of time. Operant conditioning is also classed as a learning process as the new-born learns and interacts through the use of reinforcement such as a toy, smile, attention or food (Bee and Boyd, 2007). During the VRA testing, Ellie was conditioned to move her eyes in the direction of the sound source and rewarded visually by a lighted up toy (BATOD, 2012). After great encouragement Ellie performed a positive VRA test and therefore show no signs of abnormal learning process. Starting at the age of 1 and increasing until the age of 5, repetitive and exploratory play is very common in children. At around Ellies age it is expected of children to be able to push and pull large toys, carry a toy, grasp crayon, enjoy coloured books and perform VRA testing. However in Ellies case and for any child with a hearing loss these normal behaviours might be deficient or absent as hearing and speech are the vital implements to learning process, play and development of social skills (Sheridan, 1975). Hearing is essential to a childs development, yet children with hearing problems continue to be an under identified and undeserved population (Cited from ASHA, 2012). Not only does a childs hearing loss affect the childs development it also affects the parents/primary caregivers involved inflicting feelings of anxiety on their new responsibilities for their child. Therefore it is essential to provide the parents or the primary caregivers the vital information and advice on t heir childs hearing loss for the childs positive development. Ellies mum needed great encouragement on this in order to improve Ellies self-esteem and help her to positively develop (ASHA, 2012). Conclusion Hearing impairment has a great effect on the childs social life, cognitive and learning development. Ellie has proven to have normal physical development; however her cognitive and social development and speech and language capabilities are evidently hindered by her hearing impairment. It is therefore essential to supply the family of the child with any valuable information that will benefit the childs development and stress the importance of early intervention. The earlier the hearing impairment is recognized and intervened the greater the developmental outcome. Without knowing the normative of a childs developmental process it is hard to analyse the exact cause of the childs behaviour. Â  Ellies hearing loss has evidently delayed her revealing and acceptant communication skills (speech and language) leading to her social seclusion and low self-esteem. Â  Her aggressive behaviour and her lack of interest in others can be explained by her lack of auditory input and therefore lack of her ability to effectively communicate. Â  It is important for Ellies mum to appreciate the challenges that Ellie is faced before managing them properly herself. Â  However it is also crucial to support the entire family through Ellies developmental progress and early family concentrated intervention is advised to advance Ellies language and cognitive development (ASHA, 2012). An additional appointment was made for Ellie to see if they have changed their mind regarding to trying a hearing aid, however Ellie will continue to receive advice and care from us Audiologist, a specialised paediatrician and speech and language therapist throughout. Â  From this case study I am able to fully appreciate the effect that a hearing impairment has on the developmental process of a child. Â  However I am also very aware for the future of the importance to support the entire family when attempting to provide the best care for a child similar to Ellie. Why is ellie aggressive and dont socialise..can categorize them into being naughty straight away. Important that ellie gets enough attention she needs to help her develop, but important that this doesnt overurule the development of other kids. Vital to give all info need to parents and stress on the importance of early implementation better outcome. http://www.asha.org/About/news/Press-Releases/2011/Do-You-Understand-The-Effects-Of-Hearing-Loss-On-Your-Child-s-Development.htm http://unitron.com/unitron/global/en/consumer/children-c/supporting.html http://asha.org/public/hearing/disorders/effects.htm http://entcentre.com/FAQs/impact_of_hearing_loss_in_childr.htm http://unitron.com/unitron/global/en/consumer/children-c/supporting.html http://www.asha.org/About/news/Press-Releases/2011/Do-You-Understand-The-Effects-Of-Hearing-Loss-On-Your-Child-s-Development.htm conclusion?

Management Functions :: essays research papers

Outline I.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Overview II.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Current Technology Assessment III.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Value Chain Analysis A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Value Chain Defined B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Value Chain and the Customer C.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Technology Supporting Business Functions in the Value Chain D.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Technology and Partnering Activities IV.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Social Contract   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Social Contract Defined   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Social Contract in History   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  C.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Social Contract in the Business Perspective   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  D.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Regional issues with Social Contracts V.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Global Issues VI.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Managing Changes VII.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Conclusion Overview   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"In 1991, Microsoft Corp. became the first software company to create its own computer science research organization. Microsoft has developed into a unique entity among corporate research labs, balancing an open academic model with an effective process for transferring its research to product development teams. Microsoft recognizes that to create the foundation for future technology breakthroughs, it is necessary to support long-term computer science research that is not bound by product cycles† (http://www.calibex.com/serv/calibex1/buyer/outpdir.jsp?search=microsoft+products). Today, the world-renowned scientists of Microsoft Research make up one of the largest, fastest-growing, and most highly respected software research organizations in the world — one that will help define and redefine the computing experience for millions of people for decades to come† Microsoft offers a variety of products such as operating systems, business/personal management software, multi-media software, databases, and exchange servers. They also provide help centers online and provide services over the telephone to help you with any problem you are having with their products (http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?LN=EN-GB). Value Chain Analysis   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Before you can discuss Microsoft’s value chain, you must first understand what a value chain is. According to the Internet Center for Management and Business Administration, Inc., the value chain can be described as: A way to analyze the specific activities through which firms can create a competitive advantage by modeling the firm as a chain of value-creating activities. (QuickMBS.com) The article further describes the value chain as maintaining five primary activities (Inbound Logistics, Operations, Outbound Logistics, Marketing & Sales, and Services). The goal of these activities is to â€Å"create value that exceeds the cost of providing the product or service, thus generating a profit margin.† (QuickMBS.com) The primary activities can be defined as: â€Å"Inbound logistics include the receiving, warehousing, and inventory control of input materials. Operations are the value-creating activities that transform the inputs into the final product. Outbound logistics refer to the activities required to get the product to the customer, including warehousing, order fulfillment, etc. Marketing & Sales are those activities associated with getting buyers to purchase the product, including channel selection, advertising, pricing, etc. And Service, defined as activities that maintain and enhance the product’s value including customer support, repair services, etc.† (QuickMBS. Management Functions :: essays research papers Outline I.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Overview II.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Current Technology Assessment III.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Value Chain Analysis A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Value Chain Defined B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Value Chain and the Customer C.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Technology Supporting Business Functions in the Value Chain D.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Technology and Partnering Activities IV.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Social Contract   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Social Contract Defined   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Social Contract in History   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  C.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Social Contract in the Business Perspective   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  D.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Regional issues with Social Contracts V.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Global Issues VI.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Managing Changes VII.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Conclusion Overview   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"In 1991, Microsoft Corp. became the first software company to create its own computer science research organization. Microsoft has developed into a unique entity among corporate research labs, balancing an open academic model with an effective process for transferring its research to product development teams. Microsoft recognizes that to create the foundation for future technology breakthroughs, it is necessary to support long-term computer science research that is not bound by product cycles† (http://www.calibex.com/serv/calibex1/buyer/outpdir.jsp?search=microsoft+products). Today, the world-renowned scientists of Microsoft Research make up one of the largest, fastest-growing, and most highly respected software research organizations in the world — one that will help define and redefine the computing experience for millions of people for decades to come† Microsoft offers a variety of products such as operating systems, business/personal management software, multi-media software, databases, and exchange servers. They also provide help centers online and provide services over the telephone to help you with any problem you are having with their products (http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?LN=EN-GB). Value Chain Analysis   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Before you can discuss Microsoft’s value chain, you must first understand what a value chain is. According to the Internet Center for Management and Business Administration, Inc., the value chain can be described as: A way to analyze the specific activities through which firms can create a competitive advantage by modeling the firm as a chain of value-creating activities. (QuickMBS.com) The article further describes the value chain as maintaining five primary activities (Inbound Logistics, Operations, Outbound Logistics, Marketing & Sales, and Services). The goal of these activities is to â€Å"create value that exceeds the cost of providing the product or service, thus generating a profit margin.† (QuickMBS.com) The primary activities can be defined as: â€Å"Inbound logistics include the receiving, warehousing, and inventory control of input materials. Operations are the value-creating activities that transform the inputs into the final product. Outbound logistics refer to the activities required to get the product to the customer, including warehousing, order fulfillment, etc. Marketing & Sales are those activities associated with getting buyers to purchase the product, including channel selection, advertising, pricing, etc. And Service, defined as activities that maintain and enhance the product’s value including customer support, repair services, etc.† (QuickMBS.

Economics of Transportation Essay

Transport is usually the movement of goods and people from one destination to another and transport economics is the study of the allocation of the resources used to move freight and passengers from destination to destination. The passengers and freight are moved all the way through a transport mode because a transport mode defined as the means of moving passengers and also freight. The largest parts of transport modes are rail, road, air, sea, and pipelines. Transport system normally helps in defeating the effects that arise as a result of distance. Transport system can also provide other benefits such as enhanced opportunities for intercontinental trade and the economic assimilation, enlarged volume of market by making sure that domestic goods are sold worldwide as well as promoting the Just in Time (JIT) production techniques. In the economics of transportation components are delivered when required thus reducing a firm’s stock level therefore saving the unit costs. There is an improved mobility of labor because workers can live many miles from work and commute (young 3-4). Transport infrastructure is defined as the social overhead capital that can be used to give support to the movement of freight and people. In any developed economy, a considerable sum of social capital is usually set aside to develop the transport infrastructure. Transport infrastructure generates both negative and positive externalities. Investments made in the local transport infrastructure are seen as the primary stimulus for the regional economic development. This is seen when roads unlock employment opportunities and market that can benefit the third parties which may include workers and local businesses. Any time there is a change in the infrastructure, there are changes in the cost of travel and as a result the producer and consumer behavior becomes influenced (young 6). Economics of transportation comprises of transport operations which are considered as the assessments that dictate the type of transport mode that has to be employed. Transport operations decisions falls into two most important categories and they include supply side and demand side. The demand side decisions helps in choosing what journey to make, using what mode, and at what time can it be taken by firms and consumers. In the other hand the supply side decisions deals with what transport mode to provide. Transport operators normally take an account of various types of elasticity in the arrangement of prices and predicting the output. This price elasticity of demand usually predicts the outcome of a change in charges on quantity demanded and also the effect of change in charges on total revenues and expenditure, the effect of change in indirect tax that may comprise road changing and the fuel duty on price and the quantity demanded as well as the effects of price unfairness (young 11). Does transport generate externalities that can cause market failure? Literature Review According to Rodrigue transport sector is an equally important component of the economy that can bring impact to the welfare and the development of populations (para. 1). He argues that when transport systems are well-organized they are in a position of providing economic opportunities and social opportunities as well as benefits that lead to positive multipliers effects that comprise of improved accessibility to market, additional investment and employment.

Free Essays on Lifes Values

create an image of a death camp. One can infer this though the author does not come out directly and say it. Throughout the whole story the description paints a picture of despair. In this particular situation Stella’s value become warped. Stella becomes envious of the child; â€Å"Stella wanted to be wrapped in a shawl,† (Ozick 1) like the sleeping baby Magda was. Rosa’s values however remain steadfast as she becomes fixated with ensuring the life of the child even though she is convinced that the child’s death is eminent. The main symbol that appears in â€Å"The Shawl† is in fact the shawl itself. It becomes the source of life. The shawl is described as a â€Å"magic shawl† that could â€Å"nourish an infant for three days and three nights† (Ozick 5). The shawl was a source of warmth and support for the child. Rosa also found sustenance in the shawl; with it she was able to conceal the child from the danger of the camp. Stella reveres the shawl for warmth. She began to envy the child and eventually let her greed take over. She stole the shawl from the child and the n... Free Essays on Life's Values Free Essays on Life's Values Life’s Values In Ozick’s â€Å"The Shawl† and O’Conner’s â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find,† the characters find themselves in different, trying circumstances. In these testing situations the character’s core beliefs and values they have acquired through life are shown throughout the story as well as in their horrific, climactic moment. Through symbolism, word choice and other literary devices the author displays varying life values in each of the characters. The word choice in â€Å"The Shawl† paints a bleak picture. Rosa with â€Å"sore breast† and Stella, â€Å"her knees were tumors on sticks, her elbows chicken bones† (Ozick 1) display the tragic lifestyle that the two are facing. The two main women in the story are desperately hungry and tired. â€Å"Rosa and Stella were slowly turning into air† (Ozick 6). These descriptions and words create an image of a death camp. One can infer this though the author does not come out directly and say it. Throughout the whole story the description paints a picture of despair. In this particular situation Stella’s value become warped. Stella becomes envious of the child; â€Å"Stella wanted to be wrapped in a shawl,† (Ozick 1) like the sleeping baby Magda was. Rosa’s values however remain steadfast as she becomes fixated with ensuring the life of the child even though she is convinced that the child’s death is eminent. The main symbol that appears in â€Å"The Shawl† is in fact the shawl itself. It becomes the source of life. The shawl is described as a â€Å"magic shawl† that could â€Å"nourish an infant for three days and three nights† (Ozick 5). The shawl was a source of warmth and support for the child. Rosa also found sustenance in the shawl; with it she was able to conceal the child from the danger of the camp. Stella reveres the shawl for warmth. She began to envy the child and eventually let her greed take over. She stole the shawl from the child and the n...

Young orphan boy Essay Example

Young orphan boy Essay Example Young orphan boy Essay Young orphan boy Essay Essay Topic: Black Boy Great Expectations is an enthralling, complex tale with a surprising twist. It is a rags to riches story for a young orphan boy, whose name is Pip. In the beginning of the novel, Pip the protagonist, has a chance meeting with Magwitch an escaped convict, still in leg irons. Pip is threatened, and shortly returns with food and a file, which pleases Magwitch. Pip has no idea of the significance that this chance meeting will have on the rest of his life. Some time later, Pip meets the wealthy, eccentric Miss Havisham and her adopted daughter, Estella. Miss Havisham is a deeply troubled individual. On her wedding day her groom fails to turn up and the wedding is cancelled. This has lead to Miss Havishams vendetta against all men, and she uses the beautiful Estella as the main tool in this quest. Despite Estellas spitefulness, Pip immediately falls in love with her. Pip learns that he has a mystery benefactor, which he assumes is Miss Havisham. With his new found wealth, Pip decides to go to London to pursue to life of a gentleman. Pip disowns and is embarrassed by his past. Many years later Magwitch appears on the scene and announces that he is the secret benefactor, which leaves Pip in a state of shock. Pip eventually reacquaints himself with his past and befriends Estella. Pip has learnt during his life that money is not everything and happiness is more important. In Great Expectations there are many themes the most important of which is power. For example, Miss Havisham seeks total power over men. Another major theme is friendships. The manner of friendships is explored and how they can change over time. Finally ambition and self improvement is a potent theme. Pip seeks to gain an education and is not satisfied in being a blacksmiths apprentice. The wealthy, barely sane Miss Havisham lives in a decaying mansion called Satis House. Firstly, Dickens describes her appearance as being withered along with her bridal dress. He also says that she looks like a waxwork and a skeleton crossed together which seems inhuman to Pip, as a young boy. Furthermore Dickens says the dress had been put on it a rounded young figure of a young woman, and that figure of which it now hung loose We can learn from these descriptions that Miss Havisham no longer cares about her figure after being jilted on the day of her wedding, as she still sits in her wedding dress. Another way Dickens represents Miss Havisham is by showing her actions. He says that she sits there each and every day corpse like. Miss Havisham also orders Pip around, for example she says Play, play, play! This would make Pip intimidated as he is just a young boy, this would also make the reader dislike Miss Havisham. Additionally, Dickens uses her interactions with others to describe her. Firstly she talks to Pip as though he is not in the room, for example she says to Estella Well! You can break his heart. This implies she wants to hurt Pip and she does not care about his feelings. Miss Havisham is a very demanding person. For example she says to Pip I have a sick fancy that I want to see some play. There, there! This implies that she has nothing good to do with her life and is extremely bored. Miss Havisham also fells sorry for herself. When she touches her heart she says Broken! Dickens writes that she says it in a boasting tone of voice which again implies that she wants the listener to feel sorry for her. After reading chapter 8 nobody will feel any sympathy towards Miss Havisham. She treats Pip with disdain when he has done nothing wrong. Miss Havisham presents herself as a disturbing character because of her clothes, speech and general rude behaviour. Miss Havisham comes across as an arrogant person. This shows through her hatred of men, and the way in which she has moulded Estella into her way of thinking. As the story progresses we come to understand just why she is so obsessed with destroying mens lives. Dickens reveals that Miss Havishsams mother died at an early age, which immediately set her on the wrong path in life. The first experience of a man betraying her came when her father secretly marries his cook. Miss Havisham is completely oblivious to this, it is only when his new wife dies that Miss Havisham is informed. Worse still that she also has a secret half brother. In Victorian times all of these matters would have been seen as unacceptable. Indeed, Mr Havisham being a wealthy, powerful businessman should not be seen marrying a mere cook. But what was to happen next to Miss Havisham would be far more damaging. In time Miss Havisham falls in love with a less than kindly gentleman. In fact it is said that she idolised him. He insists on taking over all of Miss Havishams business interests. Little does she know that her fianci e and her estranged half brother have been plotting together to ruin Miss Havisham. It is at twenty minutes to nine on her wedding day that Miss Havisham discovers her fianci e is an evil trickster and that the wedding is off. Victorian women were expected to be hard working around the house and to have and respect a husband. Women were also expected to have children. Additionally, Victorian women would not have been expected to have control over business affairs. So it seems that on all these issues Miss Havisham has failed. She has been jilted on her wedding day, has no child but an adopted daughter, and has handed over her business affairs to her swindling fianci e. It is in chapter 22 that Dickens changes our view of Miss Havisham. Our feelings towards Miss Havisham do change somewhat. It is apparent that Miss Havisham is a victim of an evil plot where two men have betrayed her. This has been the trigger that has started her vendetta against all men. When Estella returns from London in Chapter 38, Dickens shows a different side to a usually in control Miss Havisham. When Miss Havisham is arguing with Estella, she shows characteristics of how Pip was feeling in Chapter 8, such as being helpless. Miss Havisham is now speaking in a desperate manner as she knows she is losing the power she once had in her self contained world. This shows when she turns to Pip for support and says Did I ever give her love! This also shows that she needs Pip where before she just needed him to tease. This is an example of her losing control over Estella. Furthermore Miss Havisham now interacts with others differently. For example, when she is talking with Estella, Dickens adds exclamation marks to emphasise the more desparate nature of her speech. This is in contrast to Chapter 8 where she is in complete control. Now it seems she is stressed, as she knows that she is losing Estella which is worrying her deeply. In Chapter 38, the reader may start to sympathise with Miss Havishams plight, as she is losing the only thing that she lives for, Estella. Miss Havisham is now seen as being pathetic as Dickens says She hung upon Estellas beauty, hung upon her words, hung up on her gestures This shows that she is obsessed by her and is afraid of her walking out of her already dismal life. Therefore the reader has sympathy for Miss Havisham very much in contrast to Chapter 8 Is Miss Havisham a victim of her own bitterness and anger? I do believe that Miss Havishams response to her life problems is ridiculous and out of all proportion. One should remember that she had a wealthy and privileged up bringing. However the dreadful experiences she has had have been truly harrowing. Towards the end of the novel Dickens does wish the reader to sympathise with Miss Havisham. My belief is that Miss Havisham has led a misguided and wasted life.

Slang Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Slang - Essay Example One of these words that I came across recently among the college mates is fuut. In this journal article, I discuss the grammatical meaning if the word, its use among the students, its origin, as well as longevity. Definition and Grammatical Function Fuut, being a versatile word among the college vocabulary functions as a noun, a verb, as well as an adjective. The context with which the people use the word determines its grammatical function. In its contextual meaning, fuut is poor treatment of other people by a person, whom they used to share a close relationship or friendship together. As such, it could also apply to groups of people, where a group could treat another group badly. For instance when used in its plural status in a sentence, two rival groups could say â€Å"of late, the cheerleaders fuuts on the basketball team.† This means that the two groups initially were close, but due to some issues, fell apart. Subsequently, the cheerleaders now treat the basketball team b adly. As a noun, one could refer to another person, especially one who treats him/her badly as a fuut. In this context, John could say, â€Å"Mary is a fuut.† This means that Mary currently treats John badly, despite their having had a good relationship before falling out with each other. Negatively, it can also mean that the action if person lead to the occurrence of a problem. For instance, John could say, â€Å"Mary’s fuut is gives me a headache.† In order to belittle the rival, one could add â€Å"ie† to the noun to form-fuutie. This could also mean that the opponent disregard the other party’s behavior, to a point of him/her. For instance, John could say, â€Å"Mary is just a fuutie.† as such, he makes fun of her behavior, showing how lowly she reasons. Further, adding –â€Å"ie† changes the noun to an adjective. The basketball team could say, â€Å"The fuutie cheerleaders did not appear in our tournament.† In this form, fuutie describes a group of cheerleaders who treat a basketball team badly, despite their having needed their support. Finally, fuut could also mean a verb, which means the action of treating another person badly. An observer could say, â€Å"of late, Mary really fuuts on John.† This means that she currently treats him rather badly. Additionally, it could also act as a verb by adding-â€Å"ing† to mean the act of treating another badly. For instance, the basketball team could say, â€Å"the fuuting cheerleaders are unreasonable.† However, without the suffixes, â€Å"ing† and â€Å"ie†, the word could not function as a verb or an adjective. 2. Demographics for the Term Mostly, people or groups that previously had a close relationship but fell apart use fuut while describing each other. Of course, when two friends become enemies, there is loss of communication. The fact that they shared quite a lot, and knew each other well, would lead to hatre d and at times hostility. Open scorn is part of the behavior that these people exhibit towards each other. As such, the most likely groups of people to use this word are onetime close friends or lovers. Age in most cases determines the meaning of the word. For instance, is an adult person uses the word; it could have a very different meaning from when a teenager uses it. Additionally, it also has a different meaning when used by a kid. However, it is rare for the adults and the kids to use such a word. Innocently, a wife could tell his husband, â€Å"

Mercy, Witness, and Imelda Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Mercy, Witness, and Imelda - Essay Example While in â€Å"Mercy† the mother and the old woman in the essay considers the death of the patient as a jewel to them, the family members of the patients in â€Å"Witness," and â€Å"Imelda" are epitomes of human compassion and love. This paper seeks to explore how doctors and family members deal with the consequences of their decisions that may or may not be based on love. One can understand that the doctor in all the three essays is moved by compassion and love towards the patients as well as their family members; there is no doubt that this has added more charm to his personal and medical profession. In both â€Å"Mercy† and â€Å"Witness† the doctor displays immense amount of compassion and love towards the patients whereas in â€Å"Imelda" the professor undergoes considerable transformation after Imelda is dead. In â€Å"Mercy†, the doctor observes that there is no uncertainty for the flies when it comes to death whereas humans lack such fraternity and everyone is left alone to suffer. The doctor in the essay is totally compassionate towards the 42 year old patient who suffers from a cancer of the pancreas in the abdomen. The doctor desperately promises that he will not let the patient suffer and will get him out of the pain. However, the doctor at this juncture knows for certain that â€Å"there is no way to kill the pain w ithout killing the man who owns it† (Selzer 71). Finally, at the instigation of the women, he decides to put an end to the life of the patient by pressing on the larynx (windpipe) of the patient. However, he is moved by his medical ethics and compassion towards the patient that he realises soon that he is not supposed to do the cruel deed. Similarly, in â€Å"Witness† one can experience the compassionate attitude of the doctor towards the patient and his loving father. The doctor is extremely moved by the six year old patient who suffers from tumour. He knows that â€Å"the baby

Post Surgical Elderly Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Post Surgical Elderly - Essay Example The primary aim shall be focused on the critical health issues affecting the ABC's (airway, breathing and circulation) of life, where wellness shall be promoted, discomfort be alleviated and complications be prevented with in the duration of her stay inside the hospital. As part of a nurse's care, an effective well comprehended discharge plan shall be discussed both to the patient's daughter as well as the patient herself for home treatment. One of the most important tasks that a nurse assumes in the medical industry is to make sure that the patient shows optimum if not maximum health conditions prior to discharge. It also her duty to provide health education unto the patient and the patients significant others for a thorough out patient care, one that is understood by both in terms of semantics, relevance and importance so as to be religiously followed. Admitted to my ward 3 days post surgery, 77 years old Patient Tee is currently in 2 litres oxygen therapy with 99% saturation via nasal prong. Chest x-ray indicates that the lower lobe of the lung has collapsed with a sputum microscopy that revealed a few gram positive Vancomycin resistant enterococcus. The patient also suffers from dysphagia characterized by post swallowing cough as well as dysphonia. Physical mobility is likewise restricted possibly due to fatigue and or fear of pain. While patients pre-hospitalization history already reveals poor nutrition, as verified by her daughter's statement that the patient refuses to eat her meals, this is much heightened with the presence of dysphagia (Medline and Mayo clinic home page. 2006). The patient's micro culture and sensitivity results tested positive on Enterococcus species, although there is no sign of elevated temperature as of the moment. The initial focused assessment that shall be made by interviewing patient Tee's of her present condition in order to gather information related to how and what she is feeling, taking into consideration dysphagia, pain (if any), breathing and communication ability, her appetite, urine and bowel movement, and the reasons for inability and her description of the intensity of pain/discomfort, as part of my acquisition of subjective data. As a nurse the observation that will take into account my own objective assessment will include, her breathing pattern, willingness to move about, range of movement, coherence and affect; her response to touch as well as the psychological manifestation of how she feels about her recent conditions and finally verifying this observations with laboratory results Nursing Diagnosis with rationale: Ineffective breathing pattern and impaired gas exchange secondary to collapse of the left lower lobe of the lung as evidenced by the decrease in oxygen saturation in the blood whenever oxygen pattern is removed (Orem, 1980. p.11). Activity intolerance related to shortness of breath as well as fatigue related to impaired oxygen exchange system. Anxiety related to feeling of suffocation and possible fear related to disabling respiratory deficiency. Impaired verbal communication secondary to dependence of prong/masked O2 inhalation and lastly chronic or situational low self esteem related to loss of normal

Internship Report Essay Example for Free

Internship Report Essay I am Nigel Ng Ding Xun from Business Information Technology. During the ending of my second year in Ngee Ann Polytechnic, I had to go through what may be the toughest thing I faced during my time studying in Ngee Ann. Internship. I was placed in the company Lau Chin Huat Co. Lau Chin Huat Co. is a firm of certified public accountants. In the company, there are a total of three different departments. The IT department, the Accounts department, and the Audit department. The head of the IT department is my supervisor, Mr Anthony Lum. He is the one that handles any of the IT problems faced in the company. Staffs in the company often treat him as the ‘boss’, as Mr Lau is not in the company most of the time. Mr Anthony is very strict when it comes to work. He is known as one who would get displeased very easily when a work given by him to his staffs is not completed on time even though the time given may not be sufficient. Therefore, most of his co-workers tend to panic and put in their utmost effort into completing their work efficiently. The Accounts and Audit departments are managed by mainly Mr Yeo, and Miss Ai Ting. They might be my superiors, but when working there, I could sense the amount of respect they have for all of their staffs, regardless of their status in the company. Due to that, many of the staffs deeply respect them, including me. The Audit Department performs audit work on client’s financial statements and records. They assist in preparation of audit working papers of clients to facilitate further audit work, and the prepare audit reports for review by audit work. They are not in the company most of the time as they are often off to another company for auditing of work. The Organisational Chart for Lau Chin Huat Co: Lau Chin Huat uses mainly two kinds of software to run their business, it being Adagio and OpenOffice. Adagio itself has many different kinds of products, but the products that Lau Chin Huat uses would be mainly focused on Adagio Payables, Adagio receivables, and Adagio Ledger. With these softwares combined, you can complete accounts payables, receivables and General Ledger management for your business. Open Office is just like Microsoft Office, just that it does not cost a single cent and that it is free for everyone to use. During my first week at Lau Chin Huat, I was told to do a descriptive and pictorial step by step user manual of the software, Adagio. It basically meant that I had to take screenshots of every step of the process, combine it into one or two pictures, and describe what it was for. Although it was time consuming, it was really useful to me in the sense that I had a better understanding on how to use Adagio after finishing the user manual. Moving on, during the third week of my internship, I was exposed to excel and its formulas. Using formulas would promote ease of access as users would not need to manually key in the data needed anymore. Just a click and drag would solve all those issues. I was also given easier kind of work, such as editing templates that would be used as receipts. I learnt how to conduct stock take, and I also had to key in the stock count of the companies who have already conducted their stock take. As it has always been my dream to work in an accounting firm, I found much joy while doing the work needed at Lau Chin Huat. The one thing that I really love when I was working at Lau Chin Huat would be that my co-workers are really friendly. As almost half of the company comprises of interns like myself, it was really easy to get along with them. To my surprise, even those that are working as full-timers are really friendly as well. Everyone will always lend a helping hand to you when in need, or when you are at doubt. During our lunch break, we would gather together and talk about anything and everything in the world. This is something that I really cherished and enjoyed during my 2 months of Internship at Lau Chin Huat. I could still remember my first few days where I knew no one and I felt really lonely during lunch breaks as I always had to dine alone. Until that day where one of my colleagues asked me whether I would like to join them for lunch. That really made my day. Till now, I could still clearly remember that situation and how elated I felt at that time. That made me realized how important it is to have friends in life. Though the working environment may be small, but everyone in the company is very bonded. We share everything with each other, and we treat each other as our own siblings. Although it sounds as though we will play around in the company, but when it comes to work, we put our heart and soul into producing efficient and quality work. During my first few weeks at Lau Chin Huat, I faced many problems/difficulties. To start it off, I admit that I was not happy at all being posted here. The travelling distance from my house to Lau Chin Huat was a long journey, I had the lowest pay amongst all my friends, and worst of all, I had to work on Saturdays. Being a comparative person, after I was told by my friends that my posting was the worst amongst all of them, I was really unhappy. I was really negative and it was not a good start for me on the first day I started working at Lau Chin Huat. I was easily affected during work, and little things that annoyed me just made me hated having my internship here even more. That was when I wanted to opt for a change of internship placement. It’s a long story, but basically, that step I made was the biggest mistake in the time of undertaking my Internship. I caused a lot of problems for everyone, and that mistake almost cost me to fail my Internship. Luckily, I was given a second chance by Lau Chin Huat, and I am really grateful to them for that. I was then asked to go in with a positive mindset and do the best that I can. I mean, after all, it’s just six weeks. How hard can it get, seriously. That sentence was told to me by my NPIS supervisor, Mr Tay. It really woke me up. It made a lot of sense to me, and I told myself to give it another shot. Apparently, my habit of not being able to be punctual was a major obstacle to overcome for me. I was late most of the time, and that feeling was really horrible. The stares given by others when you are late and you walk into the company. Sometimes, I just wish to bury my head under the ground. I felt so ashamed of myself, I was scolded by Mr Anthony and he was really unhappy. From that moment I told myself not to be late anymore, to wake up early to attend work on time. The first time when I was punctual actually felt really great. I did not have to rush to work, I was not panicking about how I should explain to my boss about why I am late, and I was praised by Mr Anthony for being punctual. I was happy. That was when I started waking up earlier, just so that I would arrive to work on time. There were many times when I faced difficulties in completing my work, as the task given to me was kind of ‘impossible’. There was this once where I was given this Excel file and I was supposed to derive with formulas in order for easier formatting of data. Everything was a breeze and I did not face any difficulties until this one cell where I was supposed to format cells according to their address. (Eg. Block 340; one cell. Ang Mo Kio Avenue 2; one cell.) Due to the different formatting of data in the database, I was unable to derive with this particular formula. All of my time was then spent on looking for ways to come out with the formula, researching on whether there are such formulas, but to no avail. When I told Mr Anthony about it, he told me that he would fail me for this because if I could not find the formula, the work would not be counted as complete, and he grades me based on the results produced. That was when I really panicked and I was really upset. Thankfully, Mr Yeo knew about the plight I was in and he told Mr Anthony that it was not fair for me and asked him to give me simpler work instead. Knowing that I was given a second chance, I tried even harder so that the work that I produced would be up to Mr Anthony’s standard. On the last day of my work, I realized that Mr Anthony is not such a bad guy after all. He had a talk with me before I left the company. He explained to me the reasons why it seemed like he was always picking on me. He told me that in the past, he was just like me. Always being late, and that he did not give a care in the world. Thankfully, his supervisor talked to him and changed the way of how he saw things. Now, that he realized the amount of similarity that we used to have, he told himself that he just wanted to show me the way of life, just like how his supervisor did for him. He told me that he knows that I did my best, and he was proud of me. These words that he said are words that I will never forget. During my time at Lau Chin Huat, it really taught me the importance of responsibility, punctuality and respect. I was always late and I did not bother whether about punctuality at all, but after being posted to Lau Chin Huat, I realized how important punctuality really is, be it work, or anything else you do. It is able to see a person’s level of responsibility just by whether they are punctual or not. I also realized that respect is not necessarily always given to others, it will only be given to those who deserve it. These are qualities being taught to me that I will carry with me wherever I am, be it when I am working, or when I am doing other things. My suggestions to improve the work done would be to always do things with a positive mindset and to persevere on in whatever you do. With a positive mindset and perseverance, no matter how tough your work is, a positive mindset will guide you through the way and your perseverance will make sure you see it to the end. To me, I think that these are the qualities everyone should have as this will help and benefit you in whatever you do. In conclusion, having my Internship at Lau Chin Huat taught me more Excel formulas that I would be able to use in my course of study, it also taught me how to do reports after a stock take. Internship taught me many valuable life lessons. I am really glad that I gave my all during the second chance that was given to me. If given the chance to, I would be more than happy to work for Lau Chin Huat again.

Lower And Higher Cognitive Processes

Lower And Higher Cognitive Processes In cognitive psychology, lower and higher cognitive processes are cognitive processes that governs the way different abilities, for example, perception; attention; thinking; problem solving, are being used. However, each of the processes has their unique characteristics when applying the abilities. Lower cognitive process occurs in an automated manner with lower level of consciousness while higher cognitive process exercises mental activities voluntary with controlled awareness. Nevertheless, this essay aspires to investigate the differences of each process through the introspection and examples in order to help us understand how different each process can be. The Use of Lower and Higher Cognitive Processes in Looking At Experiences Our brain lays two very important processes that govern different abilities, the higher and lower cognitive processes, in fact both processes have different characteristics that can be explicitly observed, while higher cognitive process have a more general, non-automatic, mediated memory, controlled awareness and constructive thinking characteristic, whereas, lower cognitive process a more specific, involuntary automated and unconscious characteristic, thus, lower cognitive processes are instructed and run by higher cognitive processes, (Kalyuga, 2009; Fernyhough, 1996). Nevertheless Stuart-Hamilton (1995) analysed that both lower and higher cognitive processes are linked processes as lower cognitive process is a simple and basic process which governs basics task, for example, pattern recognition, thus, with the incorporated information from the lower cognitive process, the higher cognitive process is in charge of the collection of the information. At the same time, there are differe nt levels of processes to process the received stimuli from the variety of analysing of sensory aspects to semantic and theoretical processing (Eysenck, 1990). In my past twenty-one years, I have experienced quite a number of events which are unforgettable while some were memorable and some were regrets and if there is a chance to turn the clock back to my young age, I will definitely change how I think and how I manage things. While advice was given from peers and matured people around me, I will end up deciding what I want the most and ignore what they have said when I was younger. Nevertheless, there were times where I will look into these experiences and ask myself questions like why do I want to do that and how did I manage to do it. When I was in primary school, I hate to do assignments so almost everyday after school, I will hide my assignments somewhere, places where it cannot be seen, for example, under my bed, behind the cardboard or mixing them with other books. When my mum comes back from work, I will usually say that there were no assignments for the day and I will be allowed to play at the playground or with my toys. The follo wing day, I will tell my teacher that I have forgotten to bring my assignments in order to get away and if the teacher asked again about the assignments, my answer will often be, I loss it and I cant find it anywhere, but the fact is, it is hidden somewhere. However, every half a year, my parents will receive a phone call from my teacher saying that I have not been hand up my assignments for the past few months and my mum will start searching my room. At my surprise, she is able to find most of the books and worksheets and I will be forced to finish all of them in one or two nights. This experience became a continuous cycle for few years of my primary school days. Looking back at my lower cognitive process during my experience, what I want to do is just purely playing and because of that reason, I can even hid and lie to my teachers and parents about it so that I am free from any assignments. I presume that my brain has a certain perception about assignments which causes me to run away from it and what I want is just to play and enjoy myself. According to Margaret (2005), the utilization of perception is through receiving a stimuli by a persons senses while prior knowledge is retrieved to facilitate interpretation. Thus, perception involved physical items where beliefs and concepts are involved about the items and the outlines are being maintained by memory (Hamlyn 1994). Nonetheless, the features of both the stimuli and the prior knowledge are combined by perception (Margaret, 2005). Symbolic activity is also a classification of percetion as a symbol represents something other than itself, in my case, assignments symbolises boredom (Sekular Blake, 1994). Perception is an active process as the perceiver needs to execute certain actions to perceive with the behaviour being steered by the process which motivates a higher level of activity, for example, when I receive my assignments, I will either choose to do it or hid it somewhere and not do it (Sekular Blake, 1994). This gave me an idea of why I will dislike studying so much and even though my parents know about what happened numerous times, I will still continue to do hide my assignments and run away from it. I start to look into the higher cognitive process about how it think during my experience for example, why will I choose to hid my assignments and what made me to have this thought in my mind, why do I hate studying and doing assignments so much and enjoy playing much more, why did I not think that my teacher will call my parents to inform them about the situation. According to Ruggiero (1998), thinking is engaging our minds whilst being in charge of its activity and it is a process that helps us to find an answer to a question, to come to a conclusion and to learn, however, consciousness is not often required to appear during the process of thinking. Making decisions and forming beliefs are part of the thinking where it helps us to eliminate our uncertainties while decision making helps us to reach our goals and our beliefs will determine the actions that are beneficial for us to reach the goal as belief allow us to believe very robustly about something which we determine that it is the truth (Baron, 2008). So for my experience, my belief has caused me to believe that assignments are boring and hiding it was the action that beneficial in order to escape from it. Resistance to change and stereotyping are two things that are in the thinking processes which are very subtle. According to Ruggiero (1998), resistance to change tends to ignore new concepts or procedures in seeing and doing things even before testing them fairly, thus, one of the reasons is laziness. Indeed, advice and even punishments were given to me but because of laziness in me, I ignored and continued my old ways. Whereas for stereotyping, generalization of concepts, locations and people, it creates a good environment for presorted, predetermined, prejudged ideas as each has a compartment for storage with no judgment being placed on (Ruggiero, 1998). Maybe my brain has already stereotyped assignments as boring when I was in school which made it hard to change my way of thinking. Due to my laziness, I end up scoring very badly for my Primary School Leaving Examination (PSLE) and I got into Normal Technical. When I was holding on to my result slip, I was very upset, angry with myself and I really regretted for not studying hard. My family will regularly have lunch with my parents friends on Sundays and I will naturally focus my attention on what they talking about and also listening and playing with the other children. However, they will often talk about their childrens study and their results, so when I hear anything about study I will fully focus on what they were saying while ignoring others. And when it was about the PSLE and what school their child got in, I felt very embarrass, I felt that I let my parents down and I caused them to feel embarrass when they talk about me so I will walk away and do something else. During this period, I loss my confidence is doing things and I had a low self-esteem which caused me to think that I am not as smart as anyone a round me. But as the time goes by and I grew older, I start to learn to cope with my own thoughts and not judging myself on who I am according to how smart I am academically and understanding that I am good with other things. I was even determined to do my O levels and send overseas for two years to complete United Kingdoms General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) and I scored fairly well. I was surprise on how I can divide my attention to focused to what the adults were talking while I play with other kids and when I hear about PSLE results, I am able to focus on what the adults have to say and unconsciously ignoring any other messages around the environment. I believe that it is caused by the sensitivity level about the topic which causes the division of my attention and what I choose to focus on. According to Johnson and Proctor (2004), the function of attention helps us to be aware and conscious towards presented messages or objects and also choosing the actions according to the messages or objects. According to Margaret (2005), divided attention is one of the processes of attention which helped us react appropriately to each thing while paying attention concurrently to a few things at the same time, for example, watching television and understanding what is going on while having dinner and knowing what food it is while putting into the mouth. Hence, divided attent ion uses the split-span technique which breaks two full messages into two short messages that the memory span can register the information without rehearsing into the individual ears (Johnson Proctor, 2004). While selective attention is another process which overlooks the other messages while focusing on just one message and selective attention apply dichotic listening, a technique which the individual side of the ear receive two different type of messages (Johnson Proctor, 2004). Through reading these, it made me understand how I can focus on a few conversations at the same time and suddenly when the topic is on studies, I will focus on that conversation while ignoring the others. I look at the higher cognitive process in my experience, I tried to solve the problem from being unable to study and having low confidence to picking up myself and trying hard to study to scored during the GCSE. According Bransford and Stein (1993), the problem solving process has been described as a cycle that contains different phases but it is not required to be arranged in sequence, the problem solver must; 1) discover and be aware of the problem; 2) mentally classify the problem; 3) come out with a solution idea; 4) information rearranging of the problem; 5) solve the problem through designation of information though the psychological and the physical; 6) keep close observation of the process; 7) check for accuracy of the solution that is brought up. There are two different classification of problems; well-defined and ill-defined (Davidson and Sternberg, 2003). Well-defined problems are problems that provide a distinct direction towards finding the solution for is one that is ba sed on the given information, for example, calculating the price for each person from a receipt with a friend while the amount is stated (Davidson and Sternberg, 2003). However, ill-defined problems are problems that does not provides a distinct direction towards finding the solution and in order to make ill-defined problems observable, significant work of gather of information is need, hence, it is possible to generate a number of correct solutions from the generation of solutions by the ill-defined whereas well-defined problems can only generate one solution (Davidson and Sternberg, 2003). In my experience, learning how to overcome my emotional thoughts and not judging myself, are ill-defined problems that I had to find a solution to them in order for me to start a fresh. Success problem solving requires one to be well-versed in the field of study of the particular subject or issue as well as being a competent thinker, however having only prior knowledge does not ensure that the s olution will be found as the answers are usually unfamiliar and foreign to the problem solver, whereas thinking is required, in partnership with the prior knowledge, to help one to apply the known knowledge to the context of the problem (Ruggiero, 1998). Indeed, I gain success in starting fresh as a new person after I have grown older as I am able to think deeper and better and combine what I have learnt to solve the problem of me judging myself according to my academic level. In conclusion, the lower and higher cognitive process are two different cognitive processes which are linked processes that governs different things which helps us in daily activity like, thinking, perception, attention and problem solving. Through my introspection, I realised that my attention and perception which are part of the lower cognitive process, are both were exercised automatically and unconsciously occurring. However, when I looked into the higher cognitive process, I am required to exercise concrete thinking in order to come out with solutions to solve my problems and the think for ways to run away from my assignments as solutions and ideas will necessitate mental activity.